缅北强奸

How can we ease congestion on Canada's roads and highways?

Every city marches to its own rhythm. But these days, whether it鈥檚 in Tokyo or Toronto, that urban cadence is, more often than not, slowed down by the crush of cars, buses, cyclists and pedestrians.

鈥淓very major city has a problem with congestion. It鈥檚 an inevitability when you have so many people in one place,鈥 says Rob Barrs, an urban planner and principal at Modus Planning Design & Engagement Inc., in Vancouver. 鈥淭his is especially true when you鈥檙e a successful city, where you鈥檒l have a lot of people moving about or coming to the place. And that鈥檚 a good thing, because you want a city that鈥檚 busy and vibrant.鈥 

Keeping people and vehicles moving requires a seamless mix of transport modes, Barrs explains. And while there is no one-size-fits-all solution, there are key principles and strategies that can make it easier to get around in today鈥檚 congested cities. Perhaps what鈥檚 most important, he points out, is to design first and foremost for pedestrians. 

鈥淭ransit users and drivers are pedestrians as well,鈥 he says. 鈥淪o you have to ensure that their entire experience is seamless 鈥 from when they drive to the train station to when they get off the transit and walk to their destination. This should feel like one smooth continuous trip.鈥 


In Toronto the average one-way work-trip time is 33 minutes while in Dallas-Fort Worth, workers travel only 26 minutes on average each way. (GETTY IMAGES/ISTOCKPHOTO)

Wendell Cox, an urban planning consultant in Belleville, Ill., says much of the congestion in Canadian cities can be attributed to travel to and from work, and in general these trips take longer in Canada than they do south of the border. To underline his point, Cox compares the Greater Toronto Area and Dallas-Fort Worth, which have similar population figures. In Toronto the average one-way work-trip time is 33 minutes while in Dallas-Fort Worth, workers travel only 26 minutes on average each way.

鈥淭here鈥檚 no question that one-way work-trip travel times in Canada are worse than in the United States,鈥 says Cox, who is also a senior fellow with the Frontier Centre for Public Policy, a Winnipeg-based think tank. 鈥淲hy? Employment in the U.S. tends to be dispersed instead of concentrated in urban centres, [which] they are in Canada, and we have great freeways. You have great freeways too in Canada, but they just don鈥檛 have the capacity to handle all that demand.鈥

So how can Canadian cities ease congestion and the movement of people? Baher Abdulhai, a professor in the University of Toronto鈥檚 civil engineering department, recommends a three-pronged approach. 鈥淓xpand the road or transit line, manage demand and implement intelligent transportation systems.鈥

Making roads bigger and building more transit will increase capacity, but these projects are capital-intensive and take long a time to implement. They should also be accompanied by programs that encourage people to use more sustainable modes of transport, he says. At the same time, cities can manage the demand on their transport and transit infrastructure by introducing solutions, such as high-occupancy vehicle lanes and road tolls.

Sometimes, cities introduce tolls for revenue generation, but I鈥檓 talking about this from a traffic management perspective,鈥 says Prof. Abdulhai, who is the director of 缅北强奸鈥檚 Toronto Intelligent Transportation Systems Centre. 鈥淏y raising the cost of using congested roads during peak times, we鈥檙e giving people an incentive to change their behaviour. So those who have some flexibility, for instance, might think of switching their departure to a time when there is lower or no toll, or maybe they鈥檒l decide to switch modes or routes. We鈥檙e not talking about changing everyone, but just changing enough to shave off a portion of what is causing congestion.鈥

The use of intelligent transportation technologies can unclog traffic bottlenecks and standstills, he adds. Examples of these advanced systems include dynamic tolls that automatically adjust pricing based on traffic volumes, and traffic lights that adapt to demand fluctuations in real time.

鈥淏ased on what it sees, the light would give more green to certain directions of traffic,鈥 says Prof. Abdulhai. 鈥淚f cities had these lights, they could shave off half-a-minute delay at each traffic light, and that can go a long way in terms of facilitating people鈥檚 ability to travel without supressing demand or having to expand the road.鈥

Governments need to work more closely together to ensure their transport and transit plans don鈥檛 work against each other, says Barrs at Modus. 鈥淭his is important because we so often see cities promoting active transportation 颅鈥 such as walking, cycling and transit 鈥 as their provincial governments are investing heavily in roads, highways and bridges. You could end up with major roadwork undermining the work of the cities in terms of promoting transit use. Congestion is a challenge that is best solved with collaborative solutions.鈥 

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